fondationvocation

van vibrio cholerae-toxine veroorzaakt ontstekingsreacties in een co-cultuurmodel

Kwantitatieve bepaling van sporenmetaal in celkweekmedia met behulp van LS-APGD-MS en ICP-OES met differentiatie van vrije / gebonden soorten na scheidingen van polymeervezels

Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-mass spectrometry (LS-APGD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed for the quantification of trace metals in cell culture media and their capabilities compared. The LS-APGD is interfaced here to a compact mass spectrometer (Advion CMS) towards the development of an at-bioreactor process monitoring strategy. Both techniques have been previously employed for the quantification of trace metals in samples of various complexities, making them a natural choice for this application.

They have also demonstrated comparable analytical figures of merit including limits of detection (LOD), matrix tolerance, etc. While cell culture media is a complex sample, the ICP-OES technique was unaffected by the matrix. However, the LS-APGD-MS suffered from increases in spectral background. Despite this, both techniques achieved appropriate LODs for all metals analyzed in this work (Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni; LOD < 100 ng mL-1), except for Mn and Ni via LS-APGD-MS. To overcome the increased background seen on the LS-APGD-MS, a capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) polypropylene (PPY) fiber stationary phase was employed as an on-line separation for the removal of organic components prior to sample introduction into the plasma.
It was further determined that Ni was retained on the column, preventing the detection of this element via LS-APGD-MS, and insights into metal speciation were discussed. Following implementation of this on-line separation strategy, the agreement between the techniques was acceptable for all analytes, and was excellent for Cu, Fe, and Zn.

Co-gereguleerde pilus van vibrio cholerae-toxine veroorzaakt ontstekingsreacties in een co-cultuurmodel van Caco-2 en perifere bloedmononucleaire cellen (PBMC), wat leidt tot verhoogde kolonisatie

The aim of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of TcpA in the expression of CEACAM1 adhesin molecule and IL-1, IL-8 and TNFα pro-inflammatiory cytokines in the co-culture model of Caco-2/PBMC that can mimic the intestinal milieu. The tcpA gene from V.cholerae ATCC14035 was cloned in pET-28a and transformed into E.coli Bl-21. The recombinant TcpA-His6 protein was expressed and purified using the Ni-column chromatography.
The sequencing of transformed plasmid and Western blotting of purified protein confirmed the identity of rTcp. Cytotoxicity of different concentrations of recombinant protein for human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cell) was assessed by MTT assay and showed viability of 92%, 82% and 70 %, for10 µg/mL of TcpA after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Co-cultures of Caco-2 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used to mimic the intestinal milieu and treated with different concentrations of rTcpA (1, 5, 10 and 50 µg/mL).
Our data showed about 2.04, 3.37, 3.68 and 42.7-folds increase in CEACAM1 gene expression, respectively, compared with non-treated Caco-2/PBMC co-culture. Moreover, the expression of IL-1, IL-8 and TNFα genes was significantly increased up to 15.75, 7.04 and 80.95 folds, respectively. In conclusion, V.cholerae TcpA induces statistically significant dose-dependent stimulatory effect on TNFα, IL-1 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. Among all, TNFα was much more affected which consequently, elevated CEACAM1 expression level in IECs. This suggests TcpA protein as critical effector as an inducer of increased adhesion potential of V. cholera as well as inflammatory responses of host intestinal tissue. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
fondationvocation
fondationvocation

pAAV-RC1 Vector

VPK-421 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-RC1 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype 1. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-1 packaging.

pAAV-RC3 Vector

VPK-423 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-RC3 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype 3. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-3 packaging.

pAAV-RC4 Vector

VPK-424 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-RC4 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype 4. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-4 packaging.

pAAV-RC5 Vector

VPK-425 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-RC5 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype 5. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-5 packaging.

pAAV-RC6 Vector

VPK-426 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-RC6 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype 6. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-6 packaging.

pAAV-DJ vector

PVT12151 2 ug
EUR 525.6

pAAV-DJ Vector

VPK-420-DJ 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-DJ vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype DJ. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-DJ packaging.

pAAV-DJ/8 Vector

VPK-420-DJ-8 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: The pAAV-DJ/8 vector contains the rep and cap genes required to generated recombinant AAV of serotype DJ/8. Co-transfect with other packaging plasmids and an expression vector into 293 cells for AAV-DJ/8 packaging.

pAAV-GFP Control Vector

AAV-400 10 µg
EUR 679.2
Description: Use this control vector to co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors to produce a recombinant AAV control.

pAAV-Cre Control Vector

AAV-401 10 µg
EUR 679.2
Description: Use this control vector to co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors to produce a recombinant AAV control.

pAAV-LacZ Control Vector

AAV-402 10 µg
EUR 679.2
Description: Use this control vector to co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors to produce a recombinant AAV control.

pAAV-MCS Expression Vector

VPK-410 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-IRES-Neo Expression Vector

VPK-416 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-IRES-GFP Expression Vector

VPK-418 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-IRES-Bsd Expression Vector

VPK-419 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-IRES-Puro Expression Vector

VPK-415 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-IRES-Hygro Expression Vector

VPK-417 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV-RC6

PVT14647 2 ug
EUR 843.6

pAAV-MCS Promoterless Expression Vector

VPK-411 10 µg
EUR 776.4
Description: Clone your gene of interest into this AAV Expression Vector, then co-transfect along with AAV packaging vectors into a packaging host cell line such as 293AAV.

pAAV- RC

PVT2103 2 ug
EUR 289.2

pAAV-CAG-GFP

PVT17666 2 ug
EUR 409.2

pAAV- MCS Plasmid

PVT2102 2 ug
EUR 289.2

pAAV-fNPY-GFP

PVT14636 2 ug
EUR 718.8

pAAV- IRES- ZsGreen1

PVT11044 2 ug
EUR 361.2

pAAV-RSV-SpCas9

PVT17629 2 ug
EUR 360

pAAV- ZsGreen1- shRNA

PVT11045 2 ug
EUR 444

pAAV- IRES- hrGFP Plasmid

PVT2104 2 ug
EUR 319.2

pAAV-EF1a-DIO-mCherry

PVT17841 2 ug
EUR 360

pAAV- CMV- mCherry- U6- sgRNA

PVT11046 2 ug
EUR 361.2

pAAV-hSyn-eNpHR 3.0-EYFP

PVT19063 2 ug
EUR 309.6

pAAV-hSyn-hChR2(H134R)-mCherry

PVT19026 2 ug
EUR 309.6

pAAV-EF1a-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry

PVT17847 2 ug
EUR 360

pAAV-MCS-Ppargc1a-m-FLAG-HA

PVT18341 2 ug
EUR 360

pAAVK-EF1α -MCS AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV502A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α -MCS-T2A-EGFP AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV526A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α -MCS-T2A-Puro AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV527A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α –MCS-T2A-mRFP AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV528A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α-MCS1-CMV-MCS2 AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV503A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α-MCS1-CMV-EGFP AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV536A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α-MCS1-CMV-Puro AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV537A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

pAAVK-EF1α-MCS1-CMV-mRFP AAVanced Cloning and Expression Vector

AAV538A-1 10 ug
EUR 614

AAVS1 Safe Harbor cDNA/miRNA Donor Vector [pAAVS1D-PGK.MCS-EF1a.copGFPpuro]

GE602A-1 10 ug
EUR 1190

AAVS1 Safe Harbor Positive Control Donor Vector [pAAVS1D-CMV.RFP-EF1a.copGFPpuro]

GE603A-1 10 ug
EUR 1190

pAAV2- 8

PVT11048 2 ug
EUR 361.2

pAAV5

PVT11596 2 ug
EUR 364.8

Rc3h2 ORF Vector (Rat) (pORF)

ORF074641 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 607.2

RC3H2 ORF Vector (Human) (pORF)

ORF008684 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 114

RC3H1 ORF Vector (Human) (pORF)

ORF028827 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 486

Rc3h1 ORF Vector (Mouse) (pORF)

ORF055784 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 607.2

Rc3h2 ORF Vector (Mouse) (pORF)

ORF055785 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 607.2

pAAVS1- P- CAG- GFP

PVT10997 2 ug
EUR 361.2

pAAVS1-P-MCS

PVT12296 2 ug
EUR 843.6

RC3H1-IT1 ORF Vector (Human) (pORF)

ORF028828 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

PAAF1 ORF Vector (Human) (pORF)

ORF007465 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 114

PAAF1 ORF Vector (Human) (pORF)

ORF007466 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 114

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Rat) (pPM-C-HA)

PV298564 500 ng
EUR 1399.2

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Rat) (pPB-C-His)

PV298562 500 ng
EUR 1399.2

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Rat) (pPB-N-His)

PV298563 500 ng
EUR 1399.2

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Rat) (pPM-C-His)

PV298565 500 ng
EUR 1399.2

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-HA)

PV034735 500 ng
EUR 394.8

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-HA)

PV223136 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-HA)

PV223140 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-HA)

PV115308 500 ng
EUR 973.2

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-C-His)

PV034733 500 ng
EUR 394.8

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-N-His)

PV034734 500 ng
EUR 394.8

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-His)

PV034736 500 ng
EUR 394.8

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-C-His)

PV223134 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-N-His)

PV223135 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-His)

PV223137 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-C-His)

PV223138 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPB-N-His)

PV223139 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H2 Protein Vector (Mouse) (pPM-C-His)

PV223141 500 ng
EUR 1278

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-C-His)

PV115306 500 ng
EUR 973.2

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-N-His)

PV115307 500 ng
EUR 973.2

RC3H1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-His)

PV115309 500 ng
EUR 973.2

pAAVS1- CAG- KRAB- dCas9- CRISPRi

PVT10973 2 ug
EUR 361.2

RC3H1-IT1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-HA)

PV115312 500 ng Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-C-His)

PV115310 500 ng Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-N-His)

PV115311 500 ng Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-His)

PV115313 500 ng Ask for price

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-HA)

PV029859 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-HA)

PV029863 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-C-His)

PV029857 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-N-His)

PV029858 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-His)

PV029860 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-C-His)

PV029861 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPB-N-His)

PV029862 500 ng
EUR 394.8

PAAF1 Protein Vector (Human) (pPM-C-His)

PV029864 500 ng
EUR 394.8

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV)

LV639829 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1626

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (UbC) (pLenti-GIII-UbC)

LV639833 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1626

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (EF1a) (pLenti-GIII-EF1a)

LV639834 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1626

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV)

LV742619 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (UbC) (pLenti-GIII-UbC)

LV742623 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (EF1a) (pLenti-GIII-EF1a)

LV742624 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV)

LV713073 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 379.2

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (UbC) (pLenti-GIII-UbC)

LV713077 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 379.2

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-C-term-HA)

LV639830 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1626

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (EF1a) (pLenti-GIII-EF1a)

LV713078 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 379.2

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-GFP-2A-Puro)

LV639831 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1695.6

RC3H2 Lentiviral Vector (Rat) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-RFP-2A-Puro)

LV639832 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 1695.6

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-C-term-HA)

LV742620 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-GFP-2A-Puro)

LV742621 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

RC3H1-IT1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-RFP-2A-Puro)

LV742622 1.0 ug DNA Ask for price

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-C-term-HA)

LV713074 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 379.2

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-GFP-2A-Puro)

LV713075 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 448.8

PAAF1 Lentiviral Vector (Human) (CMV) (pLenti-GIII-CMV-RFP-2A-Puro)

LV713076 1.0 ug DNA
EUR 448.8

pORB Vector

ABP-BVP-10003 5 ug Ask for price

pFLPo vector

PVT12063 2 ug
EUR 422.4

xCas9 vector

PVT12068 2 ug
EUR 422.4

sgRNA vector

PVT12071 2 ug
EUR 422.4

PY094 vector

PVT12150 2 ug
EUR 422.4

PY094 vector

PVT12150-1 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pEE14.4 vector

PVT11901 2 ug
EUR 1243.2

ER2738 vector

PVT11993 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pREDKI vector

PVT12064 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pVL1392 Vector

ABP-BVP-10001 5 ug Ask for price

pVL1393 Vector

ABP-BVP-10002 5 ug Ask for price

pAcSec1 Vector

ABP-BVP-10004 5 ug Ask for price

pAcIRES Vector

ABP-BVP-10005 5 ug Ask for price

PWUR790 vector

PVT12066 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pRGEB31 vector

PVT12152 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pSET152 vector

PVT3395 2 ug
EUR 451.2

pENTR223.1 vector

PVT11990 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pREDCas9 vector

PVT12065 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pUB_smFLAG_KDM5B_MS2 vector

PVT11991 2 ug
EUR 422.4

Vector T Plasmid

PVT7016 2 ug
EUR 314.4

pSLIK-GFP vector

PVT12110 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pSG5-BALF5 vector

PVT12062 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pCDNA3.1-PINK1 vector

PVT11987 2 ug
EUR 472.8

dCAS9-VP64_GFP vector

PVT12070 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pK7WGF2::hCas9 vector

PVT12074 2 ug
EUR 422.4

Tac-mCherry vector

PVT12076 2 ug
EUR 578.4

p46Cpf1-OP2 vector

PVT12111 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pENTR223-LC3 vector

PVT11965 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-RGR vector

PVT11984 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pET28a-FKBP8 vector

PVT11986 2 ug
EUR 422.4

pENTR223-GK5 vector

PVT11695 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-MAX vector

PVT11731 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-CFB vector

PVT11779 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-FES vector

PVT11789 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-UBC vector

PVT11807 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-BAD vector

PVT11861 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-UBD vector

PVT11863 2 ug
EUR 364.8

pENTR223-HK1 vector

PVT11902 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pMXs Retroviral Vector

RTV-010 10 µg
EUR 748.8
Description: Use this construct to clone your gene for downstream recombinant retroviral packaging

pMYs Retroviral Vector

RTV-020 10 µg
EUR 748.8
Description: Use this construct to clone your gene for downstream recombinant retroviral packaging

pMZs Retroviral Vector

RTV-030 10 µg
EUR 748.8
Description: Use this construct to clone your gene for downstream recombinant retroviral packaging

pENTR223-FLCN vector

PVT11942 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-BST2 vector

PVT11944 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-RPF2 vector

PVT11949 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-CNMD vector

PVT11954 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-RNF2 vector

PVT11955 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-RGS4 vector

PVT11964 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-AHSP vector

PVT11969 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-MT1M vector

PVT11973 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-DDI1 vector

PVT12000 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-RCL1 vector

PVT12007 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-AFF4 vector

PVT12009 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-PPID vector

PVT12013 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-MUL1 vector

PVT12017 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-ILF2 vector

PVT12024 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-MCM7 vector

PVT12032 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-CD46 vector

PVT12035 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-PHF7 vector

PVT12040 2 ug
EUR 369.6

pENTR223-FGD6 vector

PVT12046 2 ug
EUR 369.6

Een nieuwe isolatie- en kweekmethode voor granulosacellen

Granulosa cells are the cell population who have an increasing importance in the female genital system and reproduction. Thus, nowadays in vitro studies to address these cells are also gaining importance and attracts researcher’s attention. The aim of our study is to develop a more feasible, low-cost granulosa cell isolation and culture method compared to methods defined so far.
Granulosa cells were isolated from follicular fluids obtained from both healthy women donors (n = 19) and polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 15) applied to in vitro fertilization treatment process. Granulosa cells were isolated by using Lymphosep® separation fluid that was not used for this purpose before. The isolated cells were cultured in suitable culture dishes with a mixture of BIO-AMFTM-1 and DMEM/F12 in the first seeding and only complete DMEM/F12 in the following feeds.
  • The complete medium contains only 5% fetal calf serum, 4% L-glutamine and 1% penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin. The new methods we have developed in granulosa cell isolation and in vitro culture have been successful.
  • Reduction in supplement types and amount; improved the proliferation rate of the granulosa cells in culture. Our new methods of isolation and cell culture for granulosa cells from healthy women, have been also successful in samples of polycystic ovarian patients.
  • With these developed methods, granulosa cells, which belong to humans and have an important role in the ovary, could be isolated and subsequently be maintained to reproduce (proliferate) more easily and cheaper.

Over de oorsprong van SARS-CoV-2: hebben celkweekexperimenten geleid tot verhoogde virulentie van het voorlopervirus voor mensen?

We are currently in a rapidly expanding pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which originated in the city of Wuhan in central China. The disease COVID-19 is now spread worldwide and has tremendous socio-economic consequences. The origin of the virus can be reconstructed through epidemiological studies and, even more so, from genome comparisons. How the evolution of the virus and the transition to humans might have happened is the subject of much speculation.
It is considered certain that the virus is of animal origin and very likely passed from bats to humans in a zoonotic event. An intermediate host was postulated, but many SARS-like bat viruses have the ability to infect human cells directly, which has been shown experimentally by scientists in the Wuhan Institute of Virology using collected specimens containing virus material from horseshoe bats.
The propagation of SARS-like bat viruses in cell culture allowed experiments aimed at increasing the infectivity of the virus and adaptation to human cells. This article summarizes the unique properties of SARS-CoV-2 and focusses on a specific sequence encoding the spike protein.
Possible scenarios of virus evolution are discussed, with particular emphasis on the hypothesis that the virus could have emerged unintentionally through routine culture or gain-of-function experiments in a laboratory, where it was optimally adapted to human cells and caused cryptic infections among workers who finally spread the virus causing the pandemic.

 

BSA Control for AGE-BSA

35R-AA007 10 mg
EUR 268.8
Description: BSA Control for AGE protein (BSA modified), Cat No. 30R-AA007

MG-BSA Control

STA-306 100 µg
EUR 386.4
Description:
  • Methylglyoxal-BSA (MG-BSA) may be used as a positive control. 100 µg at 1 mg/mL in PBS.
  • Provided at 1 mg/mL

CML-BSA Control

STA-314 100 µg
EUR 386.4
Description:
  • CML-BSA may be used as a positive control. 100 µg.
  • Provided at 1 mg/mL in 1X PBS

MDA-BSA Control

STA-333 100 µg
EUR 386.4
Description:
  • MDA-BSA (Malondialdehyde-BSA) may be used as a positive control. 100 µg.
  • Provided at 1 mg/mL in 1X PBS

CEL-BSA Control

STA-302 100 µg
EUR 386.4
Description:
  • N-epsilon-(carboxyethyl) lysine (CEL) modified BSA may be used as a positive control. 100 µg at 1 mg/mL in PBS.
  • Provided at 1 mg/mL in 1X PBS

Phosphoserine-BSA control protein

PSER15-N 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Malondialdehyde (MDA)-BSA Conjugate positive control for Western/ELISA

MDA35-N-100 100 ug
EUR 343.2

Oxidized Protein Immunoblot Control (Carbonyl-BSA)

STA-309 10 ?g
EUR 289.2
Description:
  • Oxidized Protein Immunoblot Control (Carbonyl-BSA) may be used as a positive control. 10 µg.
  • Provided at 50 µg/mL

Protein Tyrosine Nitration Control (Nitrotyrosine-BSA)

STA-304 10 ?g
EUR 289.2
Description:
  • Protein Tyrosine Nitration Control (Nitrotyrosine-BSA) may be used as a positive control. 10 µg.
  • Provided at 0.1 mg/mL

Rabbit Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) IgG positive control (50-75 U/ml, 1 ml)

710-113-PC 1
EUR 196.8

Rabbit Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) IgG negative control (0 U/ml, 1 ml)

710-113-NC 1 ml
EUR 123.6

pMD18- Control

PVT10563 2 ug
EUR 319.2

pMD19- Control

PVT10564 2 ug
EUR 319.2

Rat neurofascin (Nfasc)-control Control/blocking peptide

AB-23249-CP 100ug
EUR 196.8

Quality Control

abx098966-1vial 1 vial
EUR 360

Rat IgG-PE conjugate (isotype control) (Isotype control)

20005-PE 25 tests
EUR 242.4

Rat IgG-HRP conjugate (isotype control) (Isotype control)

20005-HP 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Rat IgG-FITC conjugate (isotype control) (Isotype control)

20005-F 100 ug
EUR 196.8

PIPET CONTROLLER CONTROL BOARD

357484 1/pk
EUR 104.4
Description: Falcon Liquid Handling Equipment; Falcon Pipet Controllers and Accessories

Rat IgG-Biotin conjugate (isotype control) (Isotype control)

20005-B 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Goat IgG (-ve control for flow cytometry) (isotype control)

20011-100 100 test
EUR 123.6

Control siRNA Vector (pGB-control)

9500C-20 each
EUR 405.6

Rat Control IgG

AC034 100 ul
EUR 159.6

Goat IgG control

31R-AG001 1 mg
EUR 152.4
Description: Goat Immunoglobulins Goat IgG control

Goat IgG Control

GT15900 1 mg
EUR 199.2

Mouse IgG Control

10R-I169A 250 ug
EUR 152.4
Description: Mouse Immunoglobulins Mouse IgG Control

Mouse Control IgG

AC011 100 ul
EUR 159.6

Mouse IgM Control

ICIGMF-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgM Control

ICIGMPU-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

EUROSTAR 200 control Overhead Stirrer with wireless control unit

STI2876 EACH
EUR 5433.6

EUROSTAR 100 control Overhead Stirrer with wireless control unit

STI2878 EACH
EUR 3648

Rabbit Control IgG

AC005 100 ul
EUR 159.6

Rabbit IgG Control

31R-AR001 500 ug
EUR 159.6
Description: Purified Normal Rabbit IgG

Human IgG1 Control

HY-P9900 5mg
EUR 776.4

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1A-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1AC750-50 50 µg
EUR 855.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1CFB-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1F-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1PE-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1PP-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1PP5.5-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG1 Control

ICIGG1PU-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG3 Control

ICIGG3A-50 100 µg
EUR 777.6

Mouse IgG3 Control

ICIGG3CFB-100 100 µg
EUR 465.6

Mouse IgG3 Control

ICIGG3F-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG3 Control

ICIGG3PE-50 50 µg
EUR 621.6

Mouse IgG3 Control

ICIGG3PU-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

VACUUM CONTROL KIT

ZAFSVCKIT EACH
EUR 381.24

EUROSTAR 60 control Overhead Stirrer with wireless control unit

STI2886 EACH
EUR 2894.4

Vacuum Controller w Control Unit

PUM3016 EACH
EUR 2559.6

RNA Extraction Control 670

BIO-38040 100 Reactions Ask for price

RNA Extraction Control 670

BIO-38041 500 Reactions Ask for price

RNA Extraction Control 560

BIO-38044 100 Reactions Ask for price

RNA Extraction Control 560

BIO-38045 500 Reactions Ask for price

RNA Extraction Control 610

BIO-38048 100 Reactions Ask for price

RNA Extraction Control 610

BIO-38049 500 Reactions Ask for price

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2AA-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2AB-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2ACFB-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2AF-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2APE-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2APP-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2APP5.5-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2a Control

ICIGG2APU-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BA-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BCFB-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BF-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BPE-50 50 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BPP-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BPP5.5-100 100 µg
EUR 387.6

Mouse IgG2b Control

ICIGG2BPU-100 100 µg
EUR 239.4

CHO Control Antigen

F063 50 ul
EUR 262.8
Description: CHO Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

SF9 Control Antigen

F127 50 ul
EUR 288
Description: SF9 Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

PER.C6 Control Antigen

F536 70 ul
EUR 400.8
Description: PER.C6 Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

FMK Negative Control

1122-100 each
EUR 210

FMK Negative Control

1122-20C each
EUR 210

IgG control Antibody

abx234182-100ug 100 ug
EUR 577.2

IgG control antibody

PAab09882 100 ug
EUR 463.2

pGL3- Control Plasmid

PVT1306 2 ug
EUR 319.2

Mucin (Control Slides)

TCS0016-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Mucin (Control Slides)

TCS0016-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Mucin (Control Slides)

TCS0016-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

EUROSTAR 200 control P4 Overhead Stirrer with wireless control unit

STI2882 EACH
EUR 7819.2

TRAF6 Control Peptide

H-7606.0001 1.0mg
EUR 607.2
Description: Sum Formula: C139H232N34O42; CAS# [852690-80-3] net

Fungus (Control Slides)

TCS0005-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Fungus (Control Slides)

TCS0005-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Fungus (Control Slides)

TCS0005-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

Hemoglobin A1c control

35R-AH001 1 ml
EUR 307.2
Description: Hemoglobin A1c control

siRNA Negative Control

20-abx941273
  • EUR 260.40
  • EUR 309.60
  • 2.5 nmol
  • 5 nmol

Rabbit Isotype Control

abx200646-100ug 100 ug
EUR 393.6

GFP Lentivirus Control

LTV-300 1 vial
EUR 679.2
Description: HIV-1 Lentivirus

RFP Lentivirus Control

LTV-301 1 vial
EUR 679.2
Description: HIV-1 Lentivirus

Control Magnetic Beads

M1302-1 each Ask for price

Rabbit Isotype Control

IMN-001 100 µg
EUR 239.4

L.lactis Control Antigen

F497 50 ul
EUR 308.4
Description: L.lactis Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Amyloid (Control Slides)

TCS0003-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Amyloid (Control Slides)

TCS0003-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Amyloid (Control Slides)

TCS0003-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

Calcium (Control Slides)

TCS0007-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Calcium (Control Slides)

TCS0007-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Calcium (Control Slides)

TCS0007-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

Elastic (Control Slides)

TCS0008-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Elastic (Control Slides)

TCS0008-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Elastic (Control Slides)

TCS0008-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

Melanin (Control Slides)

TCS0015-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Melanin (Control Slides)

TCS0015-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Melanin (Control Slides)

TCS0015-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

ViaCheck Viability Control 100%

VC50B-20 20 ml
EUR 581.5
Description: ViaCheck Viability Control 100% mimic the characteristics of live and dead cells in the trypan blue dye exclusion method and may be used to support validation and QC of image-based cell viability analyzers 

Mouse Lipin-1 Control/blocking peptide control/blocking peptide #1

LPN11-P 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Mouse Lipin-2 Control/blocking peptide control/blocking peptide #1

LPN21-P 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Mouse Lipin-3 Control/blocking peptide control/blocking peptide #1

LPN31-P 100 ug
EUR 196.8

HBC10 Control waterbath

BAT7536 EACH
EUR 5536.8

Recombinant purified HA-tag -Protein (~9 kda) control WB +ve control

HA11-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

Deer IgG, semi-pure for ELISA (Control, non-immune, isotype control)

20024-2 100 ug
EUR 270

Recombinant purified Myc-tag -Protein (~9 kda) control WB +ve control

MYC11-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

Reticulum (Control Slides)

TCS0019-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Reticulum (Control Slides)

TCS0019-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Reticulum (Control Slides)

TCS0019-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

RESERVOIR CONTROL MODULE

ZFRES00CM EACH
EUR 1266.43

Recombinant purified FLAG tag-Protein (~9 kda) control WB +ve control

FLAG12-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

Recombinant purified FLAG tag-Protein (~50 kda) control WB +ve control

FLAG13-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

IKA EUROSTAR 100 control P4 Overhead Stirrer with wireless control unit

STI2890 EACH
EUR 6274.8

Kemptide Negative Control

5-01422 4 x 5mg Ask for price

Recombinant purified his-tag-Protein (~9 kda) control WB +ve control

HISP11-C 100 ul
EUR 343.2

Goat IgG Control Sera

20011-250 0.5 ml
EUR 123.6

NS/0 Control Antigen

F227 50 ul
EUR 308.4
Description: NS/0 Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Oxidized Glutathione Control, 350UL

C020-350UL 350UL
EUR 85

Compstatin control peptide

B5478-1 1 mg
EUR 447.6

S.cerevisiae Control Antigen

F132 50 ul
EUR 262.8
Description: S.cerevisiae Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Argentaffin (Control Slides)

TCS0004-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Argentaffin (Control Slides)

TCS0004-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Argentaffin (Control Slides)

TCS0004-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE)-BSA protein conjugate for ELISA (in PBS)

HNE15-R 100 ug
EUR 416.4

Mouse IgG Control Sera

20008-250 0.5 ml
EUR 123.6

SP2/0 Control Antigen

F186 50 ul
EUR 308.4
Description: SP2/0 Control Antigen by Cygnus Technologies is available in Europe via Gentaur.

Bielschowsky's (Control Slides)

TCS0006-100 100 Slides
EUR 847.2

Bielschowsky's (Control Slides)

TCS0006-25 25 Slides
EUR 278.4

Bielschowsky's (Control Slides)

TCS0006-5 5 Slides
EUR 117.6

nAb Agarose Control 0.5ml

ABP-NAB-ACNTRL5 500 µl Ask for price

AAV1 Null Control Virus

AAV-351 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 1.

AAV2 Null Control Virus

AAV-352 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 2.

AAV3 Null Control Virus

AAV-353 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 3.

AAV4 Null Control Virus

AAV-354 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 4.

AAV5 Null Control Virus

AAV-355 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 5.

AAV6 Null Control Virus

AAV-356 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Null (empty) control virus of AAV serotype 6.

Rabbit IgG Control Sera

20009-1-200 0.5 ml
EUR 123.6

Donkey IgG Control Sera

20015-1-200 0.5 ml
EUR 123.6

Rat IgG Isotype Control

31-AR15 10 mg
EUR 264
Description: Purified Rat IgG Isotype Control

Low control Human Serum

35-S4321H000-L4 10 ml
EUR 139.2
Description: Low control human Serum

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMA-100 100 µg
EUR 846.24

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMB-200 200 µg
EUR 933.6

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMB-50 50 µg
EUR 304.61

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMF-200 200 µg
EUR 933.6

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMF-50 50 µg
EUR 304.61

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMPE-100 100 µg
EUR 549.22

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMPE-25 25 µg
EUR 287.14

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMPP5.5-25 25 µg
EUR 426.91

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMPU-50 50 µg
EUR 217.25

Rat IgM Isotype Control

RIGMPU-500 500 µg
EUR 479.33

Cytotoxicity Control (saponin)

Z5030008 50 mg
EUR 213

nAb Magnetic Control 0.5ml

ABP-NAB-MCNTRL5 500 µl Ask for price

AAV1-GFP Control Virus

AAV-301 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 1.

AAV2-GFP Control Virus

AAV-302 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 2.

AAV3-GFP Control Virus

AAV-303 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 3.

AAV4-GFP Control Virus

AAV-304 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 4.

AAV5-GFP Control Virus

AAV-305 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 5.

AAV6-GFP Control Virus

AAV-306 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: GFP control virus of AAV serotype 6.

AAV2-Cre Control Virus

AAV-310 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 2.

AAV1-Cre Control Virus

AAV-311 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 1.

AAV3-Cre Control Virus

AAV-313 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 3.

AAV4-Cre Control Virus

AAV-314 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 4.

AAV5-Cre Control Virus

AAV-315 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 5.

AAV6-Cre Control Virus

AAV-316 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Cre control virus of AAV serotype 6.

AAV2-Luc Control Virus

AAV-320 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 2.

AAV1-Luc Control Virus

AAV-321 50 ?L
EUR 1221.6
Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 1.

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